Dr. Darling is a third-year emergency medicine resident at Riverside Regional Medical Center, who will continue her training at the University of Wisconsin with a fellowship in retrieval and critical care transport.

Dr. Scott is a Clinical Pharmacy Specialist in Emergency Medicine at VCU Health, Clinical Assistant Professor at VCU School of Pharmacy, and Clinical Assistant Professor at VCU School of Medicine.

Dr. Polsinelli is program director of the emergency medicine residency at Riverside Regional Medical Center in Newport News, VA.

References

1. White CM. Pharmacologic and clinical assessment of kratom: An update. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2019;76(23):1915-1925.
2. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/release/2023-national-survey-drug-use-and-health-nsduh-releases. Accessed December 4, 2024.
3. Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Beuhler MC, et al. 2022 Annual Report of the National Poison Data System® (NPDS) from America’s Poison Centers®: 40th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2023;61(10):717-939.
4. Todd DA, Kellogg JJ, Wallace ED, et al. Chemical composition and biological effects of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): in vitro studies with implications for efficacy and drug interactions. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):19158.
5. Anand A, Hosanagar A. The addictive potential and challenges with use of the “herbal supplement” kratom: a case report and literature review. Pain Med. 2022;23(1):4-9.
6. Obeng S, Kamble SH, Reeves ME, et al. Investigation of the adrenergic and opioid binding affinities, metabolic stability, plasma protein binding properties, and functional effects of selected indole-based kratom alkaloids. J Med Chem. 2020;63(1):433-439.
7. Kruegel AC, Gassaway MM, Kapoor A, et al. Synthetic and receptor signaling explorations of the mitragyna alkaloids: mitragynine as an atypical molecular framework for opioid receptor modulators. J Am Chem Soc. 2016;138(21): 6754-6764.
8. Gowing L, Ali R, White JM. Opioid antagonists with minimal sedation for opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;5(5):CD002021.
9. Gold MS, Pottash AC. The neurobiological implication of clonidine HCl. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1981;362:191-202.