Dr. Karounos is attending physician and director of research in the Department of Emergency Medicine for St. Joseph’s Regional Medical Center in Paterson, New Jersey. In addition to being the chief of geriatric emergency medicine for the medical center, she is chair of the ACEP Geriatric Emergency Medicine Section and serves on the New Jersey Chapter ACEP Board of Directors.

Dr. Bove is chief resident in emergency medicine at St. Joseph’s Regional Medical Center in Paterson, New Jersey.

References

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-5. Washington: The Association; 1994.
2. Elie M, Rousseau F, Cole M, et al. Prevalence and detection of delirium in elderly emergency department patients. CMAJ. 2000;163(8):977-981.
3. Leslie DL, Marcantonio ER, Zhang Y, et al. One-year health care costs associated with delirium in the elderly population. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(1):27-32.
4. Lewis LM, Miller DK, Morley JE, et al. Unrecognized delirium in ED geriatric patients. Am J Emerg Med. 1995;13(2):142-145.
5. Han JH, Zimmerman EE, Cutler N, et al. Delirium in older emergency department patients: recognition, risk factors, and psychomotor subtypes. Acad Emerg Med. 2009;16(3):193-200.
6. Inouye SK, Westendorp RGJ, Saczynski JS. Delirium in elderly people. 2014;383(9920):911-922.
7. Fong TG, Tulebaev SR, Inouye SK. Delirium in elderly adults: diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2009;5(4):210-220.
8. American College of Emergency Physicians, American Geriatrics Society, Emergency Nurses Association, et al. Geriatric emergency department guidelines. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;63(5):e7-25.
9. Grossmann FF, Hasemann W, Graber A, et al. Screening, detection and management of delirium in the emergency department – a pilot study on the feasibility of a new algorithm for use in older emergency department patients: the modified Confusion Assessment Method for the emergency department (mCAM-ED). Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2014;22:19.
10. Han JH, Wilson A, Vasilevskis EE, et al. Diagnosing delirium in older emergency department patients: validity and reliability of the delirium triage screen and the brief confusion assessment method. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;62(5):457-465.
11. Inouye SK, Bogardus ST Jr, Charpentier PA, et al. A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(9):669-676.
12. Alagiakrishnan K. Melatonin based therapies for delirium and dementia. Discov Med. 2016;21(117):363-371.
13. Hatta K, Kishi Y, Wada K, et al. Preventive effects of ramelteon on delirium: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(4):397-403.
14. DAS-Taskforce 2015, Baron R, Binder A, et al. Evidence and consensus based guideline for the management of delirium, analgesia and sedation in intensive care medicine. Revision 2015 – short version (DAS-Guideline 2015). Ger Med Sci. 2015;13:Doc19.
15. Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, et al. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalized non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;3:CD005563.
16. Inouye SK, Charpentier PA. Precipitating factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly persons. Predictive model and interrelationship with baseline vulnerability. JAMA. 1996;275(11):852-857.
17. Han JH, Wilber ST. Altered mental status in older emergency department patients. Clin Geriatr Med. 2013;29(1):101-136.
18. Jakob SM, Ruokonen E, Grounds M. Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam or propofol for sedation during prolonged mechanical ventilation: two randomized controlled trials. 2012;307(11):1151-1160.