Logo

Log In Sign Up |  An official publication of: American College of Emergency Physicians
Navigation
  • Home
  • Multimedia
    • Podcasts
    • Videos
  • Clinical
    • Airway Managment
    • Case Reports
    • Critical Care
    • Guidelines
    • Imaging & Ultrasound
    • Pain & Palliative Care
    • Pediatrics
    • Resuscitation
    • Trauma & Injury
  • Resource Centers
    • mTBI Resource Center
  • Career
    • Practice Management
      • Benchmarking
      • Reimbursement & Coding
      • Care Team
      • Legal
      • Operations
      • Quality & Safety
    • Awards
    • Certification
    • Compensation
    • Early Career
    • Education
    • Leadership
    • Profiles
    • Retirement
    • Work-Life Balance
  • Columns
    • ACEP4U
    • Airway
    • Benchmarking
    • Brief19
    • By the Numbers
    • Coding Wizard
    • EM Cases
    • End of the Rainbow
    • Equity Equation
    • FACEPs in the Crowd
    • Forensic Facts
    • From the College
    • Images in EM
    • Kids Korner
    • Medicolegal Mind
    • Opinion
      • Break Room
      • New Spin
      • Pro-Con
    • Pearls From EM Literature
    • Policy Rx
    • Practice Changers
    • Problem Solvers
    • Residency Spotlight
    • Resident Voice
    • Skeptics’ Guide to Emergency Medicine
    • Sound Advice
    • Special OPs
    • Toxicology Q&A
    • WorldTravelERs
  • Resources
    • ACEP.org
    • ACEP Knowledge Quiz
    • Issue Archives
    • CME Now
    • Annual Scientific Assembly
      • ACEP14
      • ACEP15
      • ACEP16
      • ACEP17
      • ACEP18
      • ACEP19
    • Annals of Emergency Medicine
    • JACEP Open
    • Emergency Medicine Foundation
  • About
    • Our Mission
    • Medical Editor in Chief
    • Editorial Advisory Board
    • Awards
    • Authors
    • Article Submission
    • Contact Us
    • Advertise
    • Subscribe
    • Privacy Policy
    • Copyright Information

Naloxone to Reduce Opiate Overdose Deaths Raises Cost, Liability, and Safety Concerns

By Paul Kivela, MD, MBA, FACEP | on January 20, 2015 | 1 Comment
Features
  • Tweet
  • Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window) Email
Print-Friendly Version
Naloxone to Reduce Opiate Overdose Deaths Raises Cost, Liability, and Safety Concerns

The U.S. opiate epidemic leads to about 16,000 deaths a year. Activists have proposed solutions, and many states have passed legislation to allow physicians to prescribe naloxone, permit pharmacists to distribute naloxone over the counter without a prescription, provide legal protection to those who report overdoses, and allow first responders such as police and firefighters to administer the medication. Opponents have argued that this may increase opiate use by lessening overdose fear. Still, widespread availability of opiate reversal agents has the potential to save many lives, and efforts to improve access should be commended.

You Might Also Like
  • Overdose Antidote Naloxone Hydrochloride Available in California Pharmacies
  • Naloxone Distribution to Patients in Emergency Department Raises Controversy
  • Georgia Joins Ranks of States Supporting Naloxone Use in Overdose Cases
Explore This Issue
ACEP Now: Vol 34 – No 01– January 2015

On the surface, the solution seems simple, cost-effective, safe, and free from problems. Naloxone is deemed to be inexpensive, often quoted at $3 per dose, but increased demand has raised the price to as much as $42 per dose, according to NPR. There are multiple studies that show the medication can be safely and effectively administered both intramuscularly and intranasally. In skilled hands, naloxone has been found to be effective, and the medication can clearly be lifesaving.

Below are some of the potential issues and problems that should be addressed, or at least anticipated.

Administration Modality

First responders will likely have to decide if they are going to administer the medication by injection or intranasally.

If they are going to inject the medication, providers will be required to either draw up the medication or to carry prefilled syringes. With injections comes the risk of needle-stick exposures with patients who are at particularly high risk for HIV and hepatitis and often have an altered mental status or may be inherently violent.

Intranasal administration is an excellent alternative that has been shown to be effective.

Medication Stability

Although naloxone is generally heat stable, some experts are recommending special storage for the medication. Naloxone should be protected from light and stored at room temperature (20–25º C, or 68–77º F).1 There may be issues with the drug if it is stored in a vehicle that is not climate controlled.2

Risks and Liability

There are five areas of potential liability:

  1. It is entirely unclear whether there is potential liability for nonadministration or poor administration of the medication in cases where the patient dies or suffers a bad outcome. Although unlikely, with terminal patients, there may even be potential liability for causing pain by reversing their analgesics.
  2. There is a potential for needle stick to the provider. Many of opiate overdose patients are at high risk for hepatitis or HIV.
  3. Although infrequent, most providers can recount a story of violent behavior after reversal of opiate overdose. This may be due to rapid reversal or coingestion of another drug, such as cocaine or methamphetamine. Presently, naloxone administration is often done with many providers available to potentially restrain the patient.
  4. Many of the opiates on the streets have half-lives longer than that of the naloxone. Naloxone’s effects last 30–75 minutes, which should provide ample time to obtain additional medical assistance. However, what happens when the patient responds to naloxone and is wide-awake? Can the patient legally refuse care, and will first responders assume liability if the patient is allowed to refuse?
  5. Although rare, rapid reversal of opiate depression by naloxone has been reported to result in vomiting, diaphoresis, tremulousness, tachycardia, elevated blood pressure, seizures, pulmonary edema, ventricular dysrhythmias, rapid pulmonary edema, and even cardiac arrest.3

Training Cost

There will likely need to be some type of necessary training. Depending on the route of administration, training costs may vary. Each agency will need to determine what training is necessary to assess the patient, administer the medication, and provide further stabilizing care until additional help arrives. Even an hour of annual training can be a significant cost to a department.

The Medication Cost of a Potential Solution

In anticipation of the above challenges, a company has come up with an answer, but that answer does not come without a price.

Pages: 1 2 | Single Page

Topics: AddictionCritical CareDrug OverdoseEmergency DepartmentEmergency MedicineEmergency PhysicianNaloxoneOpiatePhysician SafetyPublic Health

Related

  • Dr. Joe Sachs and “The Pitt” Are Redefining Public Health Education Through Storytelling

    June 11, 2025 - 0 Comment
  • Prehospital Buprenorphine Is a Powerful Tool in the Opioid-Crisis Fight

    June 4, 2025 - 0 Comment
  • EM Runs in the Family

    February 26, 2025 - 0 Comment

Current Issue

ACEP Now: June 2025 (Digital)

Read More

One Response to “Naloxone to Reduce Opiate Overdose Deaths Raises Cost, Liability, and Safety Concerns”

  1. February 8, 2015

    Larry Bedard, MD Reply

    An excellent analysis by Dr. Kivela. From a cost benefit ratio it is clear that the benefit of the increased availability and use of Narcan far, far exceeds the cost of training and equipping forst responders. An opportunity for emergency physicians to provide leadership on the local and state level in addressing the opiate overdose epidemic.

Leave a Reply Cancel Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *


*
*

Wiley
  • Home
  • About Us
  • Contact Us
  • Privacy
  • Terms of Use
  • Advertise
  • Cookie Preferences
Copyright © 2025 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial technologies or similar technologies. ISSN 2333-2603