As a member of the board of the Massachusetts College of Emergency Physicians, I get the opportunity to review legislation that is put forth at the state level that would affect care of patients in the ED. Our legislative consultant brings the bills, and our group decides what position to take on the proposed legislation. This season, I was taken aback by a single-line bill, introduced by a state representative, that read: “A physician practicing in an emergency room shall not be permitted to provide to a patient seeking emergency care more than 72 hours’ worth of a controlled substance as defined by this chapter.”
My first thought upon seeing the text was, I’ll just ask my physician assistant colleagues to write opioid prescriptions for me, as they would not be excluded under the law—just another reiteration that lawmakers need education about the realities of how medicine is practiced. My second thought was, How did it come to this? How did the pendulum swing so far that legislators want to severely limit how emergency physicians write prescriptions for pain medications?
“A physician practicing in an emergency room shall not be permitted to provide to a patient seeking emergency care more than 72 hours’ worth of a controlled substance as defined by this chapter.”
Shifts in Thinking on Pain Management
It didn’t used to be like this. I completed my residency in the early 2000s. During that time, physicians were accused of undertreating pain. The Joint Commission proclaimed that pain should be documented as the fifth vital sign.1 The term “oligoanalgesia” was coined and introduced into the medical literature. We were told that emergency physicians were undertreating pain in racial minorities.2 The seminal Pain and Emergency Medicine Initiative (PEMI) study by Knox Todd, MD, MPH, FACEP, and colleagues concluded that “ED pain intensity is high, analgesics are underutilized, and delays to treatment are common.”3 In summary, we were not doing a good job at keeping our patients comfortable.
So how did we get to the point, a mere decade later, where it is proposed that I would be breaking the law by writing more than 72 hours of pain medication for my patient? To discover the answer, it’s helpful to look at the role of emergency medicine in overall opioid prescribing. Surprisingly, our specialty’s contribution is not quite clear. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released information based on SDI’s Vector One: National (VONA) data, which is a national-level projected prescription database.4 After analyzing this data, it was determined that emergency physicians provided 4.7 percent of immediate-release opioid prescriptions (about 11 million dispensed prescriptions) in 2009. This value is far below that of family practitioners (26.7 percent) and internists (15.4 percent), and it trails both dentists (7.7 percent) and orthopedic surgeons (7.7 percent). Of note, emergency medicine didn’t even make the list for the prescribing of extended-release/long-acting opioids.
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5 Responses to “Emergency Medicine’s Role in Prescription Opioid Abuse”
July 26, 2015
Frank Fower,MD,FACEPThe Fact is there is Narcotic Diversion from ER.
The New Laws are Intenede to Curb this Diversion.
No body will blame a provider for prescribing Narcotics for a Cancer patient or after splinting a fracture.
Every body will point @ Providers who : Refill Narcotics for Chronic pains, and prescribing Narctocis for frequent. ER. clients that only visit ER under different scenarios with bottom line :Narcotic s prescribed. And for transients who forget / lost their Narcotics,
And for ER shoppers that cross the town bypassing many Hospital s or maybe stopping by every Hospital on their path in big inner cities to visit a nice /soft prescriber.
-my thought is we will Alleviate Pain, and treat what is causing this pain, we need to Refrain from being a source to easy obtain something for pain, after 30 years of ER practice , I did not find the Disease that some providers call Pain by itself and they just prescribe Narcotics to treat it.
July 26, 2015
Derek McCalmont MDThe author might have given some consideration to the fact that not all pain medications are opiates. Another unaddressed issue is what percentage of these prescriptions are being written for chronic or recurring complaints vs. new diagnoses. What percentage are being written for medically inappropriate conditions?
When ED physicians address these questions at the same time they will be in a much better position to argue that limits on prescribing are harmful and intrusive.
July 26, 2015
Alex Genty CNPThank you for the extremely well written article above. As a NP staffing a remote/rural ER in a solo provider situation, I am familiar with the challenges of pain medication prescribing, particularly due to long waiting times to see specialists such as orthopedic surgery etc.
Oklahoma (where I work) has some draconian laws regarding NP prescribing that definitely impact quality of care for patients with acute pain, and I would like to see ACEP development an Emergency Medicine specific pain management education program that is open to NPs and PAs as well as EM physicians. Education is clearly the key in safe and competent prescribing. The move in Massachusetts is just as poorly thought out as current NP/PA prescribing laws in states such as Texas and Oklahoma.
I appreciate your thoughts and research in this area, and will use some of your resources to work to affect change, and enhance safety and quality of care in our NP staffed ER. It is my sincere hope that ACEP will open more education opportunities to NPs and PAs, because while a board certified EM physician in every ER is ideal, reality is that an EM certified nurse practitioner or PA with an EM CAQ is definitely better than a moonlighting ENT resident. The ability for NPs and PAs to access specific ACEP information and education, and perhaps become affiliated with ACEP in some way would be a huge step forward in improving quality and safety in emergency medicine practice and prescribing as well.
Thanks again,
Alex
July 27, 2015
Rob Oelhaf, MDThank you so much for this timely article. The pendulum has, indeed, swung too far in the minds of influential people on this topic. Treat acute pain with meds that work, using good judgement and appropriate, modest prescriptions while attempting to avoid the social profiling that got the oligoanalgesia ball rolling in the first place. I deeply appreciate your very sensible take on this problem and hope that this content is widely distributed.
August 9, 2015
Mark Ibsen MDThe Institute of Medicine report of 2011: Pain in America declared: the are 100 million Americans in pain. Opiophobia has replaced oligoanalgesia as the current Monday morning quarterback topic.
Unintendended consequences abound.
Addiction by other substances is not managed by ERs.
Car dealers are not expected to screen customers for speeding tendencies.
Heroin has become a massive problem because it is cheap and accessible- why?
We were blamed for under treating pain, ER overcrowding, now this: we must stand FOR patients, and give up our role as scapegoats for societies’ ills.